SQLite C/C++ 编程接口

sqlite c/c++ 编程接口

 

1. 安装

在 c/c++ 程序中使用 sqlite 之前,我们需要确保机器上已经有 sqlite 库。可以查看 sqlite 安装章节了解安装过程。

 

2. c/c++ 接口 api

以下是重要的 c&c++ / sqlite 接口程序,可以满足您在 c/c++ 程序中使用 sqlite 数据库的需求。如果您需要了解更多细节,请查看 sqlite 官方文档。

序号api & 描述
1sqlite3_open(const char *filename, sqlite3 **ppdb)

该例程打开一个指向 sqlite 数据库文件的连接,返回一个用于其他 sqlite 程序的数据库连接对象。

如果 filename 参数是 null 或 ':memory:',那么 sqlite3_open() 将会在 ram 中创建一个内存数据库,这只会在 session 的有效时间内持续。

如果文件名 filename 不为 null,那么 sqlite3_open() 将使用这个参数值尝试打开数据库文件。如果该名称的文件不存在,sqlite3_open() 将创建一个新的命名为该名称的数据库文件并打开。

2sqlite3_exec(sqlite3*, const char *sql, sqlite_callback, void *data, char **errmsg)

该例程提供了一个执行 sql 命令的快捷方式,sql 命令由 sql 参数提供,可以由多个 sql 命令组成。

在这里,第一个参数 sqlite3 是打开的数据库对象,sqlite_callback 是一个回调,data 作为其第一个参数,errmsg 将被返回用来获取程序生成的任何错误。

sqlite3_exec() 程序解析并执行由 sql 参数所给的每个命令,直到字符串结束或者遇到错误为止。

3sqlite3_close(sqlite3*)

该例程关闭之前调用 sqlite3_open() 打开的数据库连接。所有与连接相关的语句都应在连接关闭之前完成。

如果还有查询没有完成,sqlite3_close() 将返回 sqlite_busy 禁止关闭的错误消息。

 

3. 连接数据库

下面的 c 代码段显示了如何连接到一个现有的数据库。如果数据库不存在,那么它就会被创建,最后将返回一个数据库对象。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sqlite3.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zerrmsg = 0;
   int rc;

   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);

   if( rc ){
      fprintf(stderr, "can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      exit(0);
   }else{
      fprintf(stderr, "opened database successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
}

现在,让我们来编译和运行上面的程序,在当前目录中创建我们的数据库 test.db。您可以根据需要改变路径。

$gcc test.c -l sqlite3
$./a.out
opened database successfully

如果要使用 c++ 源代码,可以按照下列所示编译代码:

$g++ test.c -l sqlite3

在这里,把我们的程序链接上 sqlite3 库,以便向 c 程序提供必要的函数。这将在您的目录下创建一个数据库文件 test.db,您将得到如下结果:

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7383 may  8 02:06 a.out
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  323 may  8 02:05 test.c
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 may  8 02:06 test.db

 

4. 创建表

下面的 c 代码段将用于在先前创建的数据库中创建一个表:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h> 

static int callback(void *notused, int argc, char **argv, char **azcolname){
   int i;
   for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
      printf("%s = %s\n", azcolname[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "null");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zerrmsg = 0;
   int  rc;
   char *sql;

   /* open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ){
      fprintf(stderr, "can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      exit(0);
   }else{
      fprintf(stdout, "opened database successfully\n");
   }

   /* create sql statement */
   sql = "create table company("  \
         "id int primary key     not null," \
         "name           text    not null," \
         "age            int     not null," \
         "address        char(50)," \
         "salary         real );";

   /* execute sql statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, 0, &zerrmsg);
   if( rc != sqlite_ok ){
   fprintf(stderr, "sql error: %s\n", zerrmsg);
      sqlite3_free(zerrmsg);
   }else{
      fprintf(stdout, "table created successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

上述程序编译和执行时,它会在 test.db 文件中创建 company 表,最终文件列表如下所示:

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9567 may  8 02:31 a.out
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1207 may  8 02:31 test.c
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3072 may  8 02:31 test.db

 

5. insert 操作

下面的 c 代码段显示了如何在上面创建的 company 表中创建记录:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h>

static int callback(void *notused, int argc, char **argv, char **azcolname){
   int i;
   for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
      printf("%s = %s\n", azcolname[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "null");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zerrmsg = 0;
   int rc;
   char *sql;

   /* open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ){
      fprintf(stderr, "can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      exit(0);
   }else{
      fprintf(stderr, "opened database successfully\n");
   }

   /* create sql statement */
   sql = "insert into company (id,name,age,address,salary) "  \
         "values (1, 'paul', 32, 'california', 20000.00 ); " \
         "insert into company (id,name,age,address,salary) "  \
         "values (2, 'allen', 25, 'texas', 15000.00 ); "     \
         "insert into company (id,name,age,address,salary)" \
         "values (3, 'teddy', 23, 'norway', 20000.00 );" \
         "insert into company (id,name,age,address,salary)" \
         "values (4, 'mark', 25, 'rich-mond ', 65000.00 );";

   /* execute sql statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, 0, &zerrmsg);
   if( rc != sqlite_ok ){
      fprintf(stderr, "sql error: %s\n", zerrmsg);
      sqlite3_free(zerrmsg);
   }else{
      fprintf(stdout, "records created successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

上述程序编译和执行时,它会在 company 表中创建给定记录,并会显示以下两行:

opened database successfully
records created successfully

 

6. select 操作

在我们开始讲解获取记录的范例之前,让我们先了解下回调函数的一些细节,这将在我们的范例使用到。这个回调提供了一个从 select 语句获得结果的方式。它声明如下:

typedef int (*sqlite3_callback)(
void*,    /* data provided in the 4th argument of sqlite3_exec() */
int,      /* the number of columns in row */
char**,   /* an array of strings representing fields in the row */
char**    /* an array of strings representing column names */
);

如果上面的回调在 sqlite_exec() 程序中作为第三个参数,那么 sqlite 将为 sql 参数内执行的每个 select 语句中处理的每个记录调用这个回调函数。

下面的 c 代码段显示了如何从前面创建的 company 表中获取并显示记录:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h>

static int callback(void *data, int argc, char **argv, char **azcolname){
   int i;
   fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", (const char*)data);
   for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
      printf("%s = %s\n", azcolname[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "null");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zerrmsg = 0;
   int rc;
   char *sql;
   const char* data = "callback function called";

   /* open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ){
      fprintf(stderr, "can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      exit(0);
   }else{
      fprintf(stderr, "opened database successfully\n");
   }

   /* create sql statement */
   sql = "select * from company";

   /* execute sql statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, (void*)data, &zerrmsg);
   if( rc != sqlite_ok ){
      fprintf(stderr, "sql error: %s\n", zerrmsg);
      sqlite3_free(zerrmsg);
   }else{
      fprintf(stdout, "operation done successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

上述程序编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果:

opened database successfully
callback function called: id = 1
name = paul
age = 32
address = california
salary = 20000.0

callback function called: id = 2
name = allen
age = 25
address = texas
salary = 15000.0

callback function called: id = 3
name = teddy
age = 23
address = norway
salary = 20000.0

callback function called: id = 4
name = mark
age = 25
address = rich-mond
salary = 65000.0

operation done successfully

 

7. update 操作

下面的 c 代码段显示了如何使用 update 语句来更新任何记录,然后从 company 表中获取并显示更新的记录:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h> 

static int callback(void *data, int argc, char **argv, char **azcolname){
   int i;
   fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", (const char*)data);
   for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
      printf("%s = %s\n", azcolname[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "null");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zerrmsg = 0;
   int rc;
   char *sql;
   const char* data = "callback function called";

   /* open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ){
      fprintf(stderr, "can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      exit(0);
   }else{
      fprintf(stderr, "opened database successfully\n");
   }

   /* create merged sql statement */
   sql = "update company set salary = 25000.00 where id=1; " \
         "select * from company";

   /* execute sql statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, (void*)data, &zerrmsg);
   if( rc != sqlite_ok ){
      fprintf(stderr, "sql error: %s\n", zerrmsg);
      sqlite3_free(zerrmsg);
   }else{
      fprintf(stdout, "operation done successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

上述程序编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果:

opened database successfully
callback function called: id = 1
name = paul
age = 32
address = california
salary = 25000.0

callback function called: id = 2
name = allen
age = 25
address = texas
salary = 15000.0

callback function called: id = 3
name = teddy
age = 23
address = norway
salary = 20000.0

callback function called: id = 4
name = mark
age = 25
address = rich-mond
salary = 65000.0

operation done successfully

 

8. delete 操作

下面的 c 代码段显示了如何使用 delete 语句删除任何记录,然后从 company 表中获取并显示剩余的记录:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h> 

static int callback(void *data, int argc, char **argv, char **azcolname){
   int i;
   fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", (const char*)data);
   for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
      printf("%s = %s\n", azcolname[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "null");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zerrmsg = 0;
   int rc;
   char *sql;
   const char* data = "callback function called";

   /* open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ){
      fprintf(stderr, "can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      exit(0);
   }else{
      fprintf(stderr, "opened database successfully\n");
   }

   /* create merged sql statement */
   sql = "delete from company where id=2; " \
         "select * from company";

   /* execute sql statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, (void*)data, &zerrmsg);
   if( rc != sqlite_ok ){
      fprintf(stderr, "sql error: %s\n", zerrmsg);
      sqlite3_free(zerrmsg);
   }else{
      fprintf(stdout, "operation done successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

上述程序编译和执行时,它会产生以下结果:

opened database successfully
callback function called: id = 1
name = paul
age = 32
address = california
salary = 20000.0

callback function called: id = 3
name = teddy
age = 23
address = norway
salary = 20000.0

callback function called: id = 4
name = mark
age = 25
address = rich-mond
salary = 65000.0

operation done successfully

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